Fossilization
A concept introduced by Selinker (1972) describing how certain language errors become permanent despite continued exposure and practice; often linked to plateauing in adult learners and interlanguage stabilization.
Key Points
Highlights the importance of quality input
encourages continuous self-monitoring
explains long-term learner plateaus
underscores the value of feedback
helps set realistic expectations
informs better teaching strategies
promotes error awareness
motivates active correction.
What it is
Fossilization refers to the process where incorrect language patterns become ingrained in a learner's interlanguage and resist change, even with ongoing exposure. Proposed by Larry Selinker in 1972, it emphasizes how adult learners often stabilize at sub-native levels due to internalized errors that persist over time.
Why it matters
Fossilization is a major concern for immersion learners because it highlights the limits of passive exposure. Without active efforts to notice and correct errors, learners may plateau and retain incorrect forms. Recognizing fossilization helps learners and educators design strategies to prevent or reverse it.
Additional Information
Selinker (1972) introduced the term; Han (2004) explored its mechanisms and reversibility; Long (2003) connected it to form-focused instruction. Recent studies emphasize the role of metalinguistic awareness and corrective feedback in combating fossilization. It informs practices like deliberate error correction and shadowing.
Common Issues
Misconception: Fossilization is inevitable for all adults, it's not, with active learning. Misunderstanding: More exposure alone can fix it—quality and feedback matter. Criticism: The concept is too broad and hard to empirically verify. Debate: Whether it reflects neurological limits or learning environment factors.
